Messaging apps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Messaging apps - Research Paper Example Some of the most common messaging apps that allow users to send free messaging texts, images, photos and free calls over a data connection include Whatsapp, Tango, Viber and iMessage, Skype among others (Olson, 2013). These apps have been a threat to the conventional message carriers considering that they have done away with the fees that people used to pay for the same services. As such, the traditional message carriers have to close shop or innovate better ways to attract customers. Therefore, the use of messaging Apps in sending contents through mobile networks has led to a transformation in the usage of mobile phones, making them ideal gadgets to communicate and receive content in real time. Messaging apps have challenged the incumbent social messaging sites such as Facebook and Alibaba. The apps facilitate chatting and sending of different contents a much better way compared to the conventional methods of sending the same contents. Tango is one of the most commonly used messaging apps. Currently, Tango has over 70 million monthly active users and enables members to send video and voice calls along text messages in real time (Kan 2014). Tango has capitalized on the fact that most of the calls that people make are not answered, especially at nights. As such, the company has come with special services to users that facilitate recording of messages, which are then viewed later after the person wakes up (Kan, 2014). Thus, the company has to store such messages in their servers, where they are accessible to any member with an android device, devices using apple operating system or through any web browser (Kan, 2014). The company plans to start making money by requiring that users pay minimal charges on using special services such as the Tango surprises that allows animations of messages. For instance, users of the Tango Surprises will get a single animation free of charge

There are many qualities that are needed to be a good leader or Essay

There are many qualities that are needed to be a good leader or manager. To what extent can these be learnt through study and tr - Essay Example While most management instructors now concur that headship is a behaviour and a skill, which displays that skilfulness, this dual explanation has bred additional incongruity over the extent to which leadership can be trained or taught. That query is the prime focus of this paper. Perceptions on Teaching (And Studying) Leadership Leadership has now occupied a conspicuous place within management education and research. Leadership has similarly become an inescapable subject of managerial research, practice and education. Leadership magazines have increased and leadership curriculums are nowadays a fragment of almost every key business school course in the country. Furthermore, there is a wide range of leadership investigation programs, institutes, and centres outside and within business institutes (Cunningham & Gephart 2008). Can Leadership Be Learned Some individuals have a predisposition to acquire some skills faster or efficiently than others, and evidently, some persons reflect more likable or charismatic features than others do.   However, many distinguished managers are not those that are featured on Fortune and Time covers.   Great leaders learn to attain outstanding results during their own environments.   Just like effective parenting has to be learned and enhanced so can effectual leadership. Work experiences, special projects, bosses, role models, and education all contribute in headship development (Hencley 2000). For instance, utilizing an analogy with sporting, not everybody can turn into an exceptional player regardless of coaching, however, most will gain and enhance their ‘game’. Few will continue to become leads or exceptional leaders through coaching, wide-ranging experiences, as well as personal drive.† Can Leadership Be Taught Assenting that some features of leadership may be acquired is not similar to stating that they may be taught, at best in the proper sense. A good number of the management instructors agree that c ertain leadership aspects can be taught; though there are variances on how efficaciously leadership abilities can be fostered through formal coaching and courses. Rendering to the many experts, the capacity to teach leadership is contingent upon the student and the teacher (Hencley 2000). Leadership can be trained, though only certain facets. Leadership is conjured of three dissimilar scopes: skills, dispositions, and perspectives. Much leadership expertise can be imparted, and slightly perspectives can be enhanced and developed via education. For instance, one can be taught how to communicate more brilliantly and present concepts more convincingly. People can be taught about facets of strategic thinking to broaden an individual perspective. Simultaneously, there is an acute contextual aspect to strategic reasoning that is an invention of involvement in one’s discipline and a mental aptitude to reason more theoretically (Stogdill 2010). These are hard to impart. In respect to dispositions, these are an outcome of family, life, and perhaps genes (Cunningham & Gephart 2008). Therefore, the last cannot be trained. For instance, a person cannot be taught to be determined or to remain more exposed to taking risks–  those are dispositional traits. The knowledge needed to perform strategic leadership contains both tacit and explicit elements. The

Database security in the cloud Essay Example for Free

Database security in the cloud Essay This chapter is mainly concerned with providing the research methods and the tools that were used to get the views of the respondents. They contribute a lot in the conclusion of the research. The methods that were employed in this research include sampling, questionnaires, and online surveys. With Web 2. 0 being in full force today, there are more avenues that have made it possible to get views from clients. These avenues include web forums, blogs, and review sites like ZDNet, and ZNet sites. This was a good method that was of paramount importance in this research. Use of interview This method was also a vital component of my research as its combination with other methods like observations and other statistical techniques yields optimum results. I ensured that I maintained the balance of emphasis which kept on shifting with the frame of reference and objectives of this study. Interviews also proved highly flexible especially given the fact that I handled it with care and achieved a considerably liberal atmosphere since questions that were not easily grasped by interviewees were rephrased and/or repeated emphatically and explanations given where it proved necessary. The use of interviews helped me in the study of human behaviour during the process and helped me to secure very intimate and personal knowledge about my study. However, they had the following limitations: the use this tool proved to be time consuming as I had to conduct personal visits to the sample population severally due to some absentee interviewees which forced me to conduct several revisits and some appointments that I made sure to catch up to the required information (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). Records and documentations also helped me in analyzing the legal basis of businesses, their past, current and projected status as regards capital input and output enabling me to deduce the history of ideas, prime philosophies and scientific thoughts that come with the projections (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). Journals were also useful in my research as I got relevant information and used it for my analysis and compilations. Expressive Documents including personal letters; life or case histories in the form of diaries and accounts of small-group processes which created a solid background for sourcing information in this research. 4. 1. 2 Use of questionnaires I employed the use of close-ended questions where I provided the respondents with a variety of choices to pick from that reflected the trends and use of Information Technology and also open ended questions in which I gave the respondents room to formulate their own answers to my questions. Although its use proved to be cost effective, easy to analyze, familiar to most of the respondents and reduced biasness, their use has shown that they have low response rates which is a real curse to statistical analysis and can reduce the reliability of the results (Jha, Merzky, Fox, 2008). But I ensured a well designated study approach to the use of questionnaires to produce consistent and high response rates. 4. 1. 3 Online surveys/use of the internet The Internet proved very interactive in providing me with relevant information besides being affordable to administer, easy to modify and gave instant results for the study. The tool also had an advantage of making it easy to automate data creation, manipulation and reporting and made it user friendly. Although the use of the internet was efficient, it still had weakness of difficulty in determining and controlling selection probabilities, which is a hindrance to quantitative analysis of data collected (McEvoy, Schulze, 2008). 4. 2 Procedures The results were from 5 companies which have widely dealt with cloud computing and are concerned with the security of the databases stored in the clouds. These companies have their representatives and program officers who were very helpful in this research. This is because they are the leading in the development and development of cloud computing. Data was collected using SPSS program. The views from the employees of these companies were captured in a questionnaire which was sent online. They were asked how they perceive their achievement of the database security in cloud computing. They were then asked of their personal feel of the extent to which the war against attacks in the cloud has been achieved. In part 1, the respondents were told to give the things they feel are important when one is implementing cloud computing. They were told to give the issues they feel were paramount in implementing security in cloud computing environments. Participants were then asked a series of questions related to database security in cloud computing: the type of cloud computing they wish to implement (attribute vs. consensus), the type of information source (personal vs. impersonal), type of heuristics (independent self-related vs. interdependent self-related), decision speed, consideration set, product involvement, and product knowledge. In part 2, participants were asked a series of individual differences in their technologies they wished to b implemented. In part 3, participants were presented with demographic questions such as age, gender, nationality, race/ethnicity, and cultural identity. Once a participant finished the questionnaire, he/she was thanked and dismissed. McEvoy, G. , Schulze, B. (2008). Using clouds to address grid limitations. In Workshop on Middleware for Grid Computing (article 11). Retrieved May 19, 2010, from ACM Digital Library database. Jha, S. , Merzky, A. , Fox, G. (2008). Cloud computing and grid abstraction. Retrieved on May 17, 2010, from Open Grid Forum Web site: http://ogf. org/OGF_Special_Issue/cloud-grid-saga. pdf

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice

Travel Motivation: Linking Theory To Practice Travel means the movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations for any purpose and any duration, with or without any means of transport. Travel also includes relatively short stays between successive movements. Movements between locations requiring only a few minutes are not considered as travel (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). In other meaning, travel can be defined as a journey, a trip or a walk from one place to another place in great distance whether using any transport or without transport. Travel can be for recreational purposes, for tourism, to visit people, for business or for commuting, and may occur for numerous other reasons, such as to obtain health care, migration, fleeing war, etc (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel). There are many purposes of travel such as to rest and relax, to meet friends and relatives, to visit and experience new places and also to having fun and enjoying the memorable moment. The young tourist can be defined as youth or young generation or population that age between 16 to 30 years old. In advance, young tourists were neglected by researcher because of they were always being assumed same with the rest tourist population in terms of similarities. Pastor (1991,p.7) states that for too long it has been imagined that young tourists are merely more naive versions of the adult tourist, and that their needs are the same as their elders, but on a smaller, simpler less demanding scale to be considered, in a sense, as sub-requirements. But, actually tourist population was separated in form of age, behavior and motivational factor. Instead, it is claimed that young tourists have a distinct identity, special interests and different needs which distinguish them from adult tourists (Ravon, 1991). This research topic was selected because we never known or never took concern about why people want to travel to overseas or in countries, what inspires them to travel and why they willing to spend their money and time merely just want to explore to other places. Furthermore, we do not have taken concern about the significant of travel, types of person that travel in context of age, behavior and inducement. In addition, tourism industry now increasing quickly to develop and had large potential in order to be major contributor to national economy. At the same time, it can introduce the country to international era with distinctive countrys uniqueness whose can attract various type of tourist to tour. However, every interest or inducement to tour that occurs in tourists themselves are varying because there are various walks of age in tourist population. Hence, we want to study about the young tourists group on their difference of inducement and interest to tour with aged tourists group and what motivates them. After I read all these journals, may be said that a little bit I can understand it and all the issues just now like answered. Especially, the significant or the importance of travel where it can be teaching us about the meaning of life satisfaction, open widest our mind to look the different corner of the world, know the cultural difference elsewhere which we might never known before and give us the experience to socialize and communicate with various type of people. SUMMARY Definition of motivation is general. There is various type of definition that can be used. According to Susan Velez (2008), motivation is the characteristic that is required in order to achieve anything in life; without it you will give up at the first sign of adversity. It is means to inspire and encourage a person to do their best towards something in their life. However, it is a slightly different with the definition of motivation in travel. Travel Motivation: Linking Theory to Practice For the first case study, travel motivation is a critical factor and a driving force behind tourist behavior (Crompton, 1979). The purpose of this study is to review the relevant literature on travel motivation and provides a scenario-based discussion on the applications of travel motivation theories in the industry practice (Huang and Hsu, 2009). This study was conducted by a comprehensive literature review on travel motivations that acknowledged the major theories. Two scenarios are presented and discussed by linking two motivation conceptual schemes, Maslows hierarchy of needs theory and Plogs allocentrism/psychocentrism model, to practical issues in travel management (Huang and Hsu, 2009). However, understanding tourists motivation merely imagination because it is very hard to understand different tourists need and wants from various age layer. It is closely related to the theory that applies in travel motivation with practices that theory into the real world. We need to study and understand totally the theory, only then we can fulfill tourist satisfaction according to age layer, their needs in travel, produce experience travel which meant for them and creating the repeat business. Profiling Young Travelers Travel Behavior According to Sung Chae (2009), the purpose of this study is to segment young travelers travel behavior on the basis of travel motivation. It is based on diverse needs and desires on the tourist attributes. Using oblique principal component cluster analysis, this study identified seven factors in travel motivation: Excitement, Tourist Attraction, New Experience, Relaxation, Atmosphere and Remembrance. The results indicate that the Korean young travelers travel behavior was varied between defined factors and different sets of socio-demographic and travel characteristics. The information was gathered by giving the questionnaire to the subject of study. The young tourist more tend to choose vacation that give maximum pleasure, vacation to attracting places so that they would repeat the vacation to that same place, sense new experience that never felt before this, can give satisfaction of resting and relaxing without any interference and pressure, reposed in place that have atmosphere who can cause mood to revel and produce holiday that memorable forever and made as a sweet memory. Travel Motivations and Destination Activities of Young Travelers of Different Ages: An Empirical Study in the United States Several studies have investigated the differences in tourism and destination activities of different age groups of the travelers in the United States. Previous research studies suggest different segments of American travelers exist based upon generational groupings. The findings of the study, based upon 744 respondents, clearly identified two distinct segments of tourists in the age group of 18-23 and 24-30 in terms of travel motivation and destination activities. The results can be used by managers to improve the experience of these two distinct groups of young travelers (Michael, Dana and Dinesh, 2008). In this study, two groups of different age were focused which is generation X (born 1961-1981) and generation Y (born 1982-2000). Through this study, found that both age group that having differences in terms of travel satisfaction, level of travel experience, motivations to travel and travel activities. After that, the result was produces where there are various factors that motivate them to travel and types of travel activities that they want. Some of the factors that motivate them to travel are the desire to travel foreign place, going to coast or island, having romantic holiday with beloved person, returning to place that we have gone before and want to spend time together with family and friends. Some types of travel activities is sightseeing, shopping, partying and celebrating and dining at special restaurant with good atmosphere and food. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on all research paper, can be deduced that there is tourist from various age layer, gender and standard of living. Through these research papers, a little bit can understand what motivate them to travel, which age group more like to travel and what types of place they like to take a trip. Especially young tourists, they expecting the vacations that gratify most maximum, like to gain new experience or try new materials, and they feel really fortunate if they can go travel to place that all this while they wish although lack of financial resources will be cultivated also. Unfortunately, mostly of young tourists group not emphasizing security matter when travel. Not many of them want a safety vacation such as old tourists. Especially women, because they was barer to various type of danger and threat at night time. Therefore, as a suggestion, they should take several initiatives to prevent thing that did not want to happen. Tell your family and friends on about vacation, keep map when sightseeing, do not carrying goods worth, wearing right clothes such as locals, sensitive with environment or surrounding (especially woman), avoid from dark place and always bring some small tool to defend yourself.

Free Essays - Seamus Heaneys Beowulf :: Epic Beowulf essays

Seamus Heaney's Beowulf Having a good and noble king is vital to the succession and happiness of a group of people. Unfortunately, not all kings are good kings, but the welfare of their people reflects on their ability to do the job. Having a foreign or pariah king will cause the people's welfare to suffer, but when a group of people has an excellent king, they will remain joyful and prosperous until the day he dies. If the reign of a king causes feud, then this would not have a positive effect on the group of people under his reign. In Seamus Heaney's Beowulf, Hrothgar, king of Denmark, considers giving his kingship to Beowulf, the Geat warrior who came to Denmark in order to defeat Grendel, who is the devilish monster attacking the Danes, as a service to King Hrothgar. When Queen Wealtheow, King Hrothgar's wife, hears of this, she says to him, "The word is that you want to adopt this warrior as a son. So, while you bask in your fortune, and then bequeath kingdom and nation to your kith and kin before decease. I am sure of Hrothulf" (183.1175-9). By saying this, she is warning her husband about what problems may arise if he were to give his kingship to a foreigner. She then reminds Hrothgar of Hrothulf's distinguished traits and that he is also stripping his own sons of their rights to kingship if he goes through with handing the throne over to Beowulf. Wealtheow is most likely worri ed about Beowulf just simply conquering their people for Geatland, the people not liking his foreign methods, she obviously does not want to take kingship rights from her beloved relatives whom she considers worthy of the role, and does not want to see friction occur between Beowulf and their kin. Wealtheow knows that allowing a foreigner to take over the throne of Denmark will cause the welfare of the Danes to suffer. When a king goes bad, his people lose respect in him, are no longer content and successful as a people, and are likely to rebel against him. Hrothgar says to Beowulf, "Do not give way to pride"(121.1760). He is explaining to Beowulf that excessive pride is a king's worst enemy.

Essay examples --

The main purpose of the article is to take a look at previously conducted research from the years 2000-2012, on the effectiveness of drug treatment programs. The main population of this research focuses in on prisoners, parolees, and probationers. The research suggested that those who were actively participating in cognitive-behavioral therapy, drug courts, and therapeutic communities had lower rates of drug use then those who did not receive these treatments. Researchers also conducted that effective treatment programs have these things going for them, emphasis on high-risk offenders, provided strong inducements to receive treatment, multiple interventions in the same time frame, intense treatment provided, and finally include aftercare. This article ties in perfectly with our research topic of the effectiveness of Narcotics Anonymous treatment programs. We will focus in more in depth at the numbers associated with this article to provide a full understanding of our research. Chen, Gila. 2006. â€Å"Social Support, Spiritual Program, and Addiction Recovery.† International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 50(3): 306-323. The author, social science researcher and lecturer at Bar-Ilan University, Gila Chen, PhD., focuses on the personal and emotional adjustments of inmates, who are recovering from substance addiction/abuse and who participated in a therapeutic intervention programs. There were two groups to her research: one group went through social support program that included spiritual factors (Narcotics Anonymous meetings with the 12-step course) while the other group went through a primarily social support program (Narcotics Anonymous meetings without the 12-step course). She had hypothesized that those w... ...statistical techniques. Regarding question one: for retention, the correlation was close to zero. For commitment, data suggested that individuals with higher levels of religiosity possessed higher levels of commitment to treatment. Overall, data indicates a weak to moderate relationship between religiosity and treatment outcomes. However, in some programs religiosity affiliation could be viewed as a positive resource whereas in other programs religiosity was a hindrance to recovery. For question two, data indicates that religiosity can be an effective resource to enhance retention if the clientele viewed religion as an important source to treatment recovery. For question three, data suggested that program religious emphasis was not related to retention. For commitment to treatment, level of program religious emphasis was significantly related to positive outcomes.

Stroke In Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Health And Social Care Essay

Purpose- The intent of this reappraisal is to look at the consequence of timing of the surgery on the hazard decrease from undergoing the process in patients that have diagnostic carotid stricture and have suffered old transeunt ischemic onslaughts or acute shots. What will be reviewed are the chief randomised control tests carried out in recent old ages and the guidelines obtained from such tests. The tests being the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial ( NASCET ) ( 2 ) the European Carotid Surgery Trial ( ECST ) ( 1 ) and a Population based survey of holds in Carotid imagination and surgery and the hazard of recurrent shot, ( the Oxfordshire survey ) ( 3 ) . Search methods- The writer used the University of Liverpool and Lancaster University library services to carry on the hunts every bit good as the universe broad web. Database hunts were conducted utilizing MEDLINE, PUBMED, Web of Science and OvidS. Cardinal words: shot, TIA, carotid endarterectomy, hazard, carotid stricture, timing, surgery, earlyConsequences:Decisions:IntroductionAn estimated 150,000 people have a shot with over 67,000 deceases attributed to stroke each twelvemonth in the UK. It is the 3rd most common cause of decease in England and Wales and histories for 9 per cent of all deceases in work forces and 13 per cent of deceases in adult females in the UK. It causes greater disablement than other chronic diseases and there are an estimated 300,000 people populating with moderate to terrible disablements due to shots. ( 4 ) In England shots cost the economic system & A ; lb ; 7bn. This includes NHS costs, station shot attention costs and cost due to loss of productiveness and disablement ( 4 ) . A shot can be defined as either ischemic or haemorrhagic. Both cause a break in the blood supply to the encephalon and rapid development of loss of encephalon map either due to spliting of a blood vas or as in the instance of carotid arteria disease the blocking of a vas either due to plaque formation or thrombus formation. Ischaemic strokes history for 70 % of all shots. ( 5 ) Ischaemia is the deficiency of O and glucose to the tissues and so the eventual decease of the tissue. The location of the ischaemia and the loss of encephalon map can be determined by the attendant effects such as hemiparesis or unilateral paralysis, the inability to organize or understand address and the loss of ocular Fieldss typically amaurosis fugax ( a transient monocular ocular loss ) . A transeunt ischaemic onslaught ( TIA ) is frequently referred to as a mini shot and is the consequence of break of blood flow temporarily to a portion of the encephalon ( 5 ) . This impermanent break of blood flow consequences in brief neurologic disfunction that persists for less than 24 hours. If the symptoms last for longer than 24 hours it is classed as a shot. Ischaemic shots and TIA are on occasion treated with thrombolysis, the pharmacological dislocation of coagulums, physical therapy, address and linguistic communication therapy and occupational therapy. For patients shown to hold carotid artery stricture surgery is besides an option. Carotid endarterectomy ( CEA ) is a surgical process performed to forestall shots in patients who suffer from carotid arteria disease. Patients may hold diagnostic or symptomless carotid arterial stricture which is contracting of an arteria in this instance the common carotid arteria ( CCA ) . The stricture is caused by coronary artery disease and plaque formation on the interior of the arteria ( 6, 7 ) . The plaque formation normally occurs at the bifurcation of the CCA and this so causes narrowing of the lms and/or the release of emboli in to the circulation which can so come in the internal carotid arteria and so the encephalon. This can so do a transeunt ischemic onslaught or a shot. The grade of stricture of the CCA determines how high the hazard is for such an event. Patients who have suffered a TIA should be to the full assessed utilizing the ABCD2 mark to find the hazard of farther shot and should besides undergo encephalon imagination ( 8 ) . Patients with an ABCD2 mark of 4 or more and where the vascular pathology is diffident so the encephalon imagination should be carried out within 24 hours of oncoming of symptoms. Those with an ABCD2 mark of less than 4 where the vascular pathology is diffident are classed as lower hazard of farther shot and should guarantee they undergo encephalon imagination with in 1 hebdomad of the oncoming of symptoms. The ABCD2 mark is a validated tool to measure farther shot hazard in patients with TIA, based on age, blood force per unit area, clinical characteristics such as failing, diabetes, and symptom continuance. Patients believed to hold suffered an acute shot should hold encephalon imaging done within 1 hr or Oklahoman where possible if there is an indicant for thrombolysis or if they fulfil other standards set out by the guideline development group ( GDG ) , ( 9 ) . Patients who have suffered a non-disabling shot or a TIA may be appropriate for carotid endarterectomy. Campaigners who are appropriate for carotid endarterectomy should undergo specialist appraisal and imagination of their carotid arterias within a hebdomad of the oncoming of symptoms.Literature hunt and methodThe writer used the University of Liverpool and Lancaster University library services to carry on the hunts every bit good as the universe broad web. Database hunts were conducted utilizing MEDLINE, PUBMED, Web of Science and OvidS. Key words and footings searched included shot, TIA, carotid endarterectomy, hazard, carotid stricture, timing, surgery, early. From the hunt articles were identified by ab initio seeking the term ‘carotid endarterectomy ‘ which gave 3425 articles. This hunt was so narrowed down by adding in the term ‘timing ‘ which narrowed the hunt to merely 17 articles. From analyzing the abstracts of the 17 articles 5 were chosen for their relevancy to the rubric inquiry, day of the month and surveies carried out. I chose these articles to reexamine because they all included informations collected sing the timing of carotid endarterectomy performed after patients suffered diagnostic carotid stricture in the signifier of a non-disabling shot or TIA. The surveies chosen are ; Urgency of Carotid Endarterectomy for Secondary Stroke Prevention: Consequences From the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network ( Study 1 ) ( 10 ) , Population-based Study of Delays in Carotid Imaging and Surgery and the Hazard of Recurrent Stroke ( Study 2 ) ( 3 ) , European Carotid Surgery Trialists ‘ Collaborative Group. Randomised test of endarterectomy for late diagnostic carotid stricture: concluding consequences of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial ( ECST ) ( Study 3 ) ( 1 ) , Timing of Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Recent Stroke ( Study 4 ) ( 11 ) , and Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis in Relation to Clinical Subgroups and Timing of Surgery ( Study 5 ) ( 12 ) .Literature ReviewStudy 1This survey identified patients from 12 shot Centres in Canada between 2003 and 2006. The cohort was retrospectively assembled from the patients in the register who had undergone CEA within 6 months of enduring a diagnostic event, des cribed as a TIA or an acute ischemic shot. Patients were excluded from the survey who had suffered optic events or posterior circulation events. It besides restricted its cohort to diagnostic patients by merely including patients with known diagnostic stricture contralateral to the symptoms or ipsilateral to the country noted on neuroimaging. This was to except patients operated on for symptomless stricture. This survey showed that of all the ischemic shots and TIAs on their register that met the standards, 10213, 6270, ( 61.4 % ) received imaging and of this 1011 ( 16.1 % ) were found to hold diagnostic carotid stricture of 50-99 % . Of these patients 177 ( 17.5 % ) underwent CEA within 6 months and excepting those patients with bilateral stricture left 105 patients for the survey. 80 % of the 105 of these had terrible stricture of 70-99 % and 20 % had moderate stricture of 50-69 % . Patients were shown to go to the exigency section in a average clip of 6.7 hours of the oncoming of symptoms ( interquartile scope 1.2-31.7 ) with 71 % geting within 24hours. Of the 105 patients 38 underwent surgery within 2 hebdomads, 53 within 1 month and the staying 26 3months or subsequently. The survey showed that the patients undergoing surgery within 2 hebdomads improved significantly over the survey period – 18.2 % in 2003, 25 % in 2004, 45.5 % in 2005 and 44.8 % in 2006.Study 2