A self assessment on intercultural negotiating skills Essay - 3

A self assessment on intercultural negotiating skills - Essay Example This paper will discuss the qualities of a good intercultural Negotiator. It will then discuss on the experiences learned in a class negotiation simulation. Finally the paper will review the different aspects of communication strategies employed in the negotiation. In order for one to meet their goals as an intercultural negotiator, it is essential for them to possess the characteristics of a good intercultural negotiator. Firstly a good intercultural negotiator is observant. This means that they take time watch how other people communicate with each other where they note the differences between them. Secondly a good intercultural negotiator should know that different people communicate in different ways and should never assume that messages from different cultures should be interpreted in the same way. Thirdly one should be always positive when dealing with people from different cultures. This means that one should avoid miscommunication which is brought about by misconceptions about the persons intentions. A good Negotiator should also ask questions freely especially where they feel they have not understood. For instance one should ask for clarification on issues, gestures, and ideas to avoid miscommunication. One should also have good communication skills where they are able to express themselves freely by clearly explaining their communication. A good intercultural Negotiator should be polite. This means that when one is seeking any clarification or asking a question, they should do it in a respectable and polite manner in order to ensure the other participants ate not offended. Finally, a good intercultural Negotiator should be persistent meaning that they should not give up easily if they do not understand what is being communicated. One should be patient enough and allow the other person(s) to communicate in their own time. During the class negotiation simulation I got to practice the theories that we have

Comparing unacademic genre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing unacademic genre - Essay Example This film indeed plays like real life events happening in a modern television network station. The main actor appears to reason with critics, something that gives him an edge to pass on his message that current journalists have more ways of speaking the truth to those in authority fearlessly. He goes on showing that, the modern journalist has been able to attract the attention even first-time viewers and consequently being able to engage the viewer to give an opinion concerning both public and private policies. The movie has portrayed news anchors and journalists as people who do feed viewers and readers with the right content but in between tilt it to favor their side of the argument. That way they have an upper hand of influencing public opinion about how the ruling class executes its policies. The film is quite interesting and captivating, with all characters coming out boldly and playing their roles interactively. The piece signifies the importance of working out in a calculative and composed way with the bigger picture in mind. From the movie, one can learn how to single out truth from fiction in the work of journalists and figure out how to make independent decisions instead of following their lead. As shown, that best way is to digest the question the journalist asks then give a reply based on that piece of the article without an analysis. The piece with analysis is meant to divert your vision to something similar to what the article talks of. The movie is about a female messiah-like figure (Jupiter) who is engaging King Lear family villain siblings in a bitter war to control the solar system. The villains play tough prompting Jupiter to seek assistance from baddies, who are members of another dynasty. The baddies immediately become interested in her and compel her to sign a property deed that shall allow them to harvest her eggs. These eggs contain energy of imprisoned people, so the buddies want to

Why Students Should Work Essay Example for Free

Why Students Should Work Essay I disagree that high school students should be limited in the amount of hours they work because students will be making less money. So they won’t be able to save enough money for college. Also students will learn about responsibility and will learn on how to manage their money,write checks, and use their credit card. I think that high school students should work as many hours as they want in conclusion they would be making more money to support themselves and their families. Also, because they get to experience what working is like so they could get ready for their career. Having a job has many benefits. One of these benefits is obvious, earning an income. With an income comes responsibility. When a student becomes an adult, he or she has to learn to depend on their own income, and there is nothing they can do to prepare themselves for that except to begin to get a feel for the responsibilities earning an income brings. Also, I think that students who work, it gives the student experience on what their working on so that they get good at it. I think that students who work more get more money so that they could buy a car and not be tired from school and work. Also, I think that this is an opportunity to learn how to manage their money and how to use it wisely. Students can gain experience by working through high school. This brings the opportunity to learn how to budget money, which is a vital part of being independent. Budgeting takes a lot of self-discipline and trial and error, but is possible to learn. It is also important for students to start making purchases that result in monthly payments, such as cell phone or car payments. Not only does this give students the ability to establish credit, but also a feel for what having bills is like. These are things that all students need to gain exposure to and begin become experienced with. It would be much more difficult to learn these things when one is dependent on themselves. It raises the risk of struggles with money. I think that students who work more could also maintain good grades and do homework because they only have to work after school. So they could do homework after work and still good to school with enough energy to last the  whole day.

Dairy Farming In India Marketing Essay

Dairy Farming In India Marketing Essay This Applied Research Project is requirement for the researchers studies in MBA in Community Economic Development Program at Cape Breton University. This ARP is the final assessment and must for the completion of this MBA Program. This Applied Research Project is mainly focused on discussing about effectiveness of co-operative model for dairy farming in Tamil Nadu, India. About Dairy Farming: Milk is defined as the lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of one or more mammalian animals. Dairy farming is a part of agriculture, practiced to produce milk which is generally from dairy cows, and also from sheep, camel, and goat. Dairy industry is a highly important component of food industry, which buys raw milk refrigerated for farmers to normalize by transforming and distributing it (Moran H. , 2005). Usually, the milk is processed in a dairy factory or on the dairy farm itself. From hand milking the cows to machine milking, milk production has developed immensely with latest technologies. Dairy farming has been done all over the world, but most of the countries which produce milk consume internally. New Zealand is one of leading countries which export dairy products, whereas India is the largest milk producing country in the world. Indian dairy sector contributes a major share towards the total gross revenue from livestock sector and holds an enormous potential to bring about rapid economic growth, particularly for the benefit of the weaker sections and the rural poor. Livestock production has been, and will remain for many decades, one of the most important economic and social activities of human culture in developing countries where hundreds of millions of people depend either directly or indirectly on livestock-based activities (Preston and Murugueitio 1992). Dairy Farming in India In 2010, dairy industry is the second largest food industry in India in terms of revenue behind meat industry. In 2010, the largest dairy company operating within the country in terms of annual global sales is Nestle with $ 18.6 billion revenue. Dairy farmers produce largest staple food in the world i.e. Milk. The quality and safety of milk and its derivatives are directly related to conditions of hygiene and environment. Good hygiene practices help to improve the quality and value of the product and fundamentally determine the success or failure of a dairy farm. At present, the protection of health and animal welfare are provided by a comprehensive program of udder hygiene and processes in livestock bio-security program. These programs help dairy farmers to: Optimize milk yield, quality and price of milk Improve operating profits Decrease the infection pressure on the dairy herd Maintain a high level of animal welfare The function of cooperatives in dairy farming is studied along with the impact of the cooperatives in dairy farming. Milk production is one of the most important elements of agriculture in India. During the past 5 years, farms in India increased their total production by 86%. The level of milk production in 2011 increased by 5.4 tons and was 136.4 thousand tons (104.1% compared to last year). Average yield in the region is 2,717 kg per cow, which is 272 kg more than previous year. At the same time dairy farming area in contrast to the poultry industry is the sector in which the performance is far from self-sufficient (Ruricola, 2009). Milk production per capita in the region is 200 kg per year. Dairy farming is growing and modernizing in India. Beginning in 2006, 34 major farms were built in India pursuing new and remodeled milk production of 20.4 thousand with loose housing of cattle and milking parlor. It also included newly constructed 10 dairy complexes with a capacity of 10.8 thousand cows. In addition, the modernization of livestock buildings has been replacing milking equipment (Berentsen, Kovacs, Asseldonk, 2012). As a result, compared to the year 2011 level of comprehensive mechanization of dairy farming has increased in the region from 36% to 60%. Technical and technological modernization of the industry continues. Dairy Farming at International Level and Genomics: Dairy farming at international level has also been receiving increasing attention. In June 2009, among the first countries in the world, France began publish its first official genomic index for dairy cattle. German dairy sector has decoded and located some of the tens of thousands of genes of an animal and use this information to genetic selection. Today, the genetic value can be estimated directly from a simple blood from the birth of the calf in several countries of the world. This method is very interesting for the strategy selection of each farmer in particular for functional traits and breeding qualities. Since 2009, seed bulls whose genetic value is obtained from their genotypes are available in catalogs selections have been developed in Eastern Europe. In addition, genomic selection can be much more efficient in selection on functional traits, poorly considered by the selection of offspring by providing breeders specific genetic values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹for males as for females. In a classic selection scheme progeny, the cost of evaluating a bull was about 40,000. Therefore, use in large numbers of seeds per bull led to a sharp increase in the risk of inbreeding level in the French and international dairy herd. Genomics can increase the diversity of available bulls. In addition, the bulls are replaced by younger much faster pace, which is also favorable to the maintenance of genetic variability. Literature Review: The Concept of Dairy Cooperatives A dairy cooperative is a business owned by milk producers and co-partners who must meet their economic, professional and training needs. A dairy cooperative is a collective enterprise where milk producers have pooled their investments to take control of their business because they are convinced that we can succeed better together than individually. A dairy cooperative is a business built on solidarity, responsibility, fairness and transparency. The cooperative and their associates reach solidarity as they form a community of people sharing the same project and the same interests. They also share the profits and risks. The cooperative has the mission to promote the best possible milk co-associates, who in turn, are financially responsible for their cooperative. All partners are co-treated with fairness, according to the same rules and with the same rights described in the constitution and bylaws of the cooperative. The Board of Directors of the cooperative is elected by the general meeting of cooperative partners and provides the associated elements for co-decide in open and transparent relationships. A dairy cooperative is a business that secures its associated producers through an indivisible collective ownership of all its members-cooperators. It does not belong to each individual in proportion to its shareholding. A cooperative dairy farm is an extension of his associates-cooperators. Its mandatory activities are related to milk his co-partners, collecting the milk, processing it into products and marketing these products. A dairy cooperative aims to maximize the value of its associated activities and therefore co-add the most value to the milk produced on their farms. Like any business, is a dairy cooperative in competitive markets with other companies. It is therefore required to be competitive. A dairy cooperative may be the size of a multinational listed among the world leaders in the sector or the size of a SME-VSE with local or regional activities. She may have a dozen or several thousand-associated cooperators. Cooperative status is neither an advantage nor a handicap t o growth and abroad. Cooperative Principles The Cooperatives throughout the world function with same core principles. They are 1) Cooperation among Cooperatives The Cooperative movement is strengthened by functioning collectively all the way through local, national, international structures to serve their members most effectively. 2) Voluntary and Open Membership Cooperatives are voluntary groups, where everyone can utilize its services and should be willing to accept membership responsibilities. 3) Autonomy and Independence Cooperatives are self -governing, autonomous organizations guarded by their members. The cooperatives autonomy is surpassed when a co-op enters into agreement with other groups or raises funds with outside resource. 4) Concern for Community The Cooperatives work for sustainable growth of communities through procedures and programs acknowledged by members. 5) Education, Training and Information Cooperatives offer education and training to its members, representatives and employees to successfully contribute the growth of particular cooperatives. Also, the members educate the nature and benefits of these cooperatives to the general public in the community. 6) Members Economic Participation All the members in the cooperative contribute evenly to democratically manage, the funds in the organization. This creates equality among the members rather than creating unevenness in the cooperative. 7) Democratic Member Control Cooperatives are independent organizations controlled by their members. They are the ones, who purchase the commodities and utilize the service from the cooperative. Also, these members vigorously contribute in creating policies and making decisions. Dairy Cooperatives International Context Dairy cooperatives collect more than half of the milk in France. Dairy cooperation model is very predominant in other countries that are major producers of milk, such as Germany, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Denmark. In the international context, it represents a specific framework in terms of rights, obligations and governance. A dairy cooperative has made a contract of joint obligations associated with each cooperator. The partner-cooperator agrees to give its milk to the cooperative for a fixed term and renewable. Cooperative undertakes, in return, to collect all the milk which is provided to enhance the milk and the associated pay-cooperator. Only the partner-cooperator has the option to terminate the contract in each case. The cooperative does not have that option, unless serious reasons justifying exclusion. A dairy cooperative is legally binding and is a tax paying entity. In several countries of the world, it lies in the category of partnerships because it is the extension of holdings of its associates. Partnerships are distinct from limited liability companies such as SAS or SA. A dairy cooperative is a business that must be consistent with the statutes model statutes approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. They must also be approved by the High Council for Agricultural Cooperation. A dairy cooperative is a company whose directors are partners, co-workers, elected by their peers in general meeting. In emerging economies of the world like Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, a dairy cooperative is a community of men and women whose activities maintain or develop, direct and indirect, in rural areas: Employment, trade, social ties, in short the vitality Farms, cultures, landscapes, biodiversity short Terroirs, crafts, traditions, milk and cheese, short identities. Dairy cooperatives have accelerated the concentration in the milk sector in European countries. Two cooperatives West Eurial and Agrial, announced Friday the approximation of their dairy operations by 2014. The new entity, called Eurial, will be the second in France after dairy cooperative Sodiaal and the sixth player in the sector, dominated by private groups. Eurial collect 2 billion liters of milk from producers 5200 members realize a turnover of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 2 billion and employ 3600 employees combined. No redundancies are planned. This strategic alliance is designed to face the prospect of the end of milk quotas, scheduled for 2015. It encourages the French to find growth opportunities internationally and to prepare such a strong demand from China milk powder. Some major players in the sector are weakened. Sodiaal in trouble on his milk Candia, announced the elimination of 300 jobs, or 20% of the workforce. For the future, the cooperative is associated with the Chinese group Synutra, with whom she has invested in Britain to create a milk drying plant Problems in Indian Dairy Farming and the Need for Cooperatives: It is noteworthy that in view of all the disadvantages in smallholders, especially the small-scale. It is important to create a class of family farmers through cooperatives to improve their competitiveness (Ven Keulen, 2007). This is possible only if the number of dairy cows is more than 30 per each family member. In todays form of family farms operating as cooperatives, productivity can be improved through these measures. On such farms on average per employee per day is 40-60 liters of marketable milk that goes to implementation. These farms are very sensitive to the rising cost of diesel fuel and electricity. Since, costs of milk production can be brought down by seeking cooperative behavior. Farmers drive their cows to pasture and seek to maintain low cost operations. In winter, these farms produce milk around 300 liters and in the summer production range at 1-8 tons. In Indian dairy farm sector, the production is very low-tech (Singh, 2001). For lack of flash cooling capacity, automation and disinfection winter, farms produce milk of grade I-II. A small proportion of these farms are equipped with coolers of milk. Most of these farms are already engaged in preparation of feed and have adopted appropriate technique (James, 2010). Majority of these farms employs a lot of manual labor, and the quality of the milk produced is stable and meets class I. The main problem of Indian farms is low productivity even though farmers on these farms work seven days a week. Farm economy and mortgage framework does not allow for increased production. The fourth type of dairy farms in India is the modern industrial farms. As a rule, these farms are built in the open field (Singh, 2001). The possibility in these farms is of dilution and spoilage of milk. During the last five years, productivity of milkmaids has increased. During the agrarian crisis in India, a slowdown in the growth of agriculture created a vicious circle of falling productivity of land and livestock, which lowered product quality, increased complexity, formed multiple lag wages and even deteriorated social development of rural regions. Presence of a cooperative in such situations would have helped in arresting the downward spiral. This is evidenced by international experience, because a similar pattern was shown in the 70s and early 80s in the US and in other periods in other countries. Thus, the agricultural organizations of rural India would help to improve the standard of living in the region. That is a decrease of agricultural labor substitution industry, reduces the level of mechanization of labor. Thus, the translation process is constrained by the industry on an industrial basis. When dairy farming is organized, savings of total labor costs in dairy farming becomes particularly important due to stabilization and further increases in productivity are not possible without a significant reduction in production costs. The most active and transformative impact on the entire system of factors of productivity in the industry provides scientific and technical progress. In particular, the shift from labor-saving technologies to resource aimed primarily at saving energy and raw materials is important. Thus, cooperatives in Indian dairy farming can help in improving the material and technical base of agriculture, materializing scientific achievements in high-performance means of production, creating new opportunities for forward movement of labor productivity growth and contributing to the emergence of new reserves to reduce the total cost of labor in the production of milk. Thus, the greatest influence of formation of cooperatives in Indian dairy farming sector can be on the productivity of labor, material interest of workers in the industry, the level of livestock feeding, reproduction, herd concentration of milk production and the introduction of comprehensive mechanization of the main production processes on the farms. Calculations show that if after the formation of cooperative, dairy farms achieve an average level of utilization of productive resources, the labor cost savings would amount to 407.4 thousand man-hours, or 10.2% of the labor costs of production. One of the important organizational and economic factors for increasing productivity is to control production costs. Although in farm planning tools focus on the immediate direct producers. In the establishment of farm market special attention should be given to flexibility in planning and adapting to the changing economic conditions. This requires dairy farm owners to create common technical approaches for the development of standards of production costs on the articles and items for different levels of animal productivity. This allows, firstly, more efficient use of labor and material resources, identification of the available reserves of labor productivity growth, labor used in the optimal level of labor intensity, and to determine scientifically the complexity and cost of production, productivity growth and the need for in the labor force in the industry for the future. The use of modern information technologies in their calculation significantly reduces the amount of computation al work carried out; simplify billing system, which ultimately reduces the period of their development. Economically feasible rations for animals are the basis of effective management. Since the nutritional diet consists of a different set of feeds, one needs to select the best feeding option, that is, one that would meet the biological needs for nutrients and have a minimum cost. Cooperative in Indian dairy farm sector may support in this regard. Regulations on feed consumption of cattle head should be supported at different levels of animal productivity in physical and value terms. Such standards should be developed by the dairy cooperative because it also serves a watch-dog industry. The main benefit of cooperative dairy farming is consulting and educational services in the field of dairy farming. It is believed that the effective management of production must keep pace with the times. Therefore, all efforts are focused on enterprise development through the use of modern technologies and adapting them to Indian conditions. Based on collective experience, cooperatives have made the success achieved as a result of those enterprises, specialists who are constantly improving their skills working with animals. Many of cooperatives learn best from their mistakes. But in the dairy business, it may be too expensive. Using the services of professional experts, cooperatives will save both time and money required to achieve farming goals. Experience working with dairy farms, especially those who are beginning to work on new technologies, shows that very often skilled enough of the knowledge that they already have, for professional work with animals. In operation, there are various issues related to housing, feeding and reproduction of dairy cows, etc. Sometimes it is better to get an answer to a question in order to understand a specialist in the right direction it is moving. One of the main problems in the Indian dairy industry is feeding. In particular, the correct calculation of rations on the basis of the farm feed. Cooperatives expert nutritionists can balance rations for the cows, based on the availability of feed and regional characteristics. Social Experiment: In a day-to- day basis, farmers are facing several challenges and these challenges can be rectified through applying and following Community Economic Development concepts. I am going to explain my own experience about milk production in my community and how CED concepts guided the farmers in a sustainable position. Milk production is one of the most common farming methods in Tamil Nadu region. This dairy cooperative is located in a village called Ponnapuram in Pollachi, Tamil Nadu. Few years ago, farmers have to go to private dairy farms or directly to people house to sell their milk products. Through this, farmers were not getting good amount of profit as prices were fixed by those private dairy farms and there was interference of the middleman. Farmers had no other choice in those days than selling for the price fixed by a middleman. Farmers faced a huge challenge to get reasonable profit and also to take care of their animals. As many other villages in Tamil Nadu, farmers in my community are more dependent on a milk production. Few years ago, one of the community activists in Ponnapuram who is also a farmer, involved in milk production for more than 20 years gathered all milk producing farmers for a meeting. He discussed about the situation of farmers in the community and motivated them to work towards a common goal, which is the economic development of all farmers and the community. He gave an idea of community owned cooperative, where it operates as a trading center for farmers to sell their milk products. Everyone in the community agreed to this program and they stopped supplying milk to private dairy farms directly. He collected a small amount of money from each farmer which is affordable and formed an office like community owned cooperative. He created certain policies which will benefit the farmers as well as the community are as follows. i) Created membership for all milk producing farmers in the co mmunity, ii) Farmers meet once in a month to discuss about the price and they will set an mutually agreed price for the products, iii) Farmers should not sell their products to any other third parties and everything should go through the community cooperative. This community owned cooperative directly or indirectly follows certain core principles of cooperatives in their group. Voluntary and Open Membership This dairy cooperative is open to all members of the community without any discrimination of gender, religion and financial status. Autonomy and Independence This dairy cooperative is totally autonomous and members in the community are very much aware of what agreements with other organizations will affect the functions and purpose of this cooperative. Education, Training and Information Senior members of the cooperative educate and demonstrate the techniques of dairy farming to the new and young people who involve in dairy farming. Also, Veterinary camps are being held every 3 months to create awareness for maintaining the Cattles. So now, all the private dairy farms in the community have to come to the cooperative for milk and they cant have any rights in fixing the price for the milk products. Initially, it was difficult for the farmers to make this program successful, but in few months farmers benefited through the cooperative. Cooperative will have a small amount of profit from that milk products which they sell to dairy farms and farmers decided to spend that money for maintenance of cattles. Ponnapuram Community has nearly 300 families involved in this dairy farming and all those people doing dairy farming are members of this cooperative. For more than 2 years now, this community owned cooperative has been successfully benefiting the farmers and enhancing their living standards through Community Economic Development. This is a great example for every other community and farmers who are facing several challenges in a day-to-day basis.

Traditional and New Approaches of Media Effect

Traditional and New Approaches of Media Effect Widhia Kurnia Sukmono How do you think the media affect us? Critically evaluate debates on media effects and traditional and new approaches to media effect theories. With reference to one particular case study, provide you considered assessment of how the media influence, and affect, us. It has been widely accepted by the public that the media is capable of Influencing societies on a large scale. The media has long been deemed as a very powerful force within society that can subvert norms and values that could ultimately undermine our social order. How the media exactly affect us can be seen as a rather complex issue that concerns many media scholars for a long time. Various theories on media effect has been created by some of the world’s renowned communication scholars in order to depict how the media influence people. Debates on how the media influence may cause more harm than good Is still ongoing till now. Hence, it is the utmost importance to analyse the various models of media effect and how it has evolved in order to fully understand how the media actually influence us. Especially now since we are currently living in a media saturated culture, more than ever we depend on the media for our understanding of world events. This essay aims to analyse traditional and new approaches of media effect, and sought to debate on the credibility of various media effect theories. The five media effect theories mentioned in this essay will include the Hypodermic Needle Theory, The Reception theory, Two Step Flow theory, Catharsis theory and Encoding Decoding theory. To further the analysis of media effect on society, this essay will also touch on the subject of moral panic and how it is related to media influence. Finally, this essay will also perform a case study on the prevalence of violent behaviour among young people caused by high violent imagery portrayed by media industry. Some people argued that the amount of violence presented in the media is the core reason causing young viewers to adopt violent behaviour, but this may not be necessarily true. The idea that the media has powerful effects on people gained ground during the 1920’s and 1930’s, in light of the fascist treatment towards society and dictators utilizing the media as a propaganda tool in countries like Germany and Russia. After researcher began observing the effect of propaganda during World War 1, they brought about the very first theory of media effects which is called the Hypodermic Needle Theory or the Magic Bullet Model. The Hypodermic Needle Theory is a linear communication theory which suggests that media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive, receptive, uncritical audience. A classic example of the application of the hypodermic needle theory was illustrated on October 30, 1938 when Orson Welles and the newly formed Mercury Theatre group broadcasted their dramatization of H.G Wells’ â€Å"War of the Worlds.† The program, which was presented in the format of a news bulletin, caused one million listener of the 12 million listener in America to be â€Å"panic-stricken†. A wave of mass hysteria disturbed households, interrupted religious services causing severe traffic jams and clogged major communication system. People even fled their homes in the city to seek shelter in more rural areas, grocery stores were raided and people began to ration food. The nation was in a state of chaos caused by a single broadcast of what was meant to be a radio dramatization of a well-known book. After the event occurred media theorist classified the â€Å"War of the Worlds† broadcast as the archetypal example of the Hypodermic Needle Theory and an example of moral panic. This event demonstrated perfectly on how the media worked, simply by injecting the message directly into the bloodstream of the public like a drug, it then successfully stimulated a uniform response from the mass population. This theory shows how audiences are seen a passive and gullible individuals who could easily be manipulated by the media. Although the Hypodermic Needle Theory has died away in the 1930’s since it fails to recognize the fact that audience themselves are active producers of meaning. Nevertheless, the Hypodermic Needle Theory is one of the earliest and fundamental theory of media effects that continues to influence the way we talk about the media and the creation of other media effect theory. However, this theory may still be applicable to children or young viewers as they are considered extremely passive audience and uncritical. They would not be able to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong and may possibly see violence as an acceptable behaviour in society. Hence, it is often recommended that media industry to apply censorship to prevent children from latching onto violent behaviour. Unlike what Hypodermic Needle Theory depicted, the media effect process can be seen as a more complex thing, the media doesn’t necessarily have total direct and powerful influence on audiences as it involve more variables. Media and audience relationship does not exist in void but is involved and influenced by many things such as social context, culture and political-economy. Audience would consists of unique individuals who have different social and culture which makes it problematic to conceptualise one mass audience. The term active audience was then created alongside the Reception theory which is the exact polar opposite of the Hypodermic Needle Theory. This theory recognises viewers as active participants in media that is able to form out unique responses from each individual viewers. Campbell and Morgan (2009) states that one particular message received by five different people most probably create five unique responses depending on personal factors such as religion, edu cation, culture, political affiliation and legal framework. Lazarsfeld and Katz (1955) also add that people may become opinion leaders, usually are individuals who pay close attention to the media. This also bring us to the next media effect theory called the Two-Flow step theory which suggest that media meanings are mediated through key individuals that influences how we think. These so called ‘opinion leaders’ sought to observe media content and pass on their interpretation of media to others. In a paper presented at the 20th Annual World Wide Web Conference in 2011, researchers managed to look into the flow of information on the social networking site Twitter and revealed that they had found significant evidence to support the Two Step Flow Theory. Researchers found that news distributed in twitter find its way through people a number of prominent and influential opinion leaders like celebrities, journalist and bloggers. Ultimately the media is no longer seen as having strong powerful direct effect on audiences anymore. (Lazar sfeld, 1955). Another theory called the Catharsis theory was created, the term â€Å"Catharsis† is derived from the Greek word Katharsis which literally means cleansing, purging, or purification. This theory has played an important role in the discussion about the effects of violence in the mass media for many years. It implies that the execution of an aggressive action under certain conditions diminishes the aggressive drive and therefore reduces the likelihood of further aggressive action. The crucial point in Catharsis Theory is that the observed aggressive action does not necessarily need to be executed in reality, it can instead take place in the audience fantasy and imaginations. This is closely linked to the consumerism aspect of mass media in whereby audiences use what they see on the media to fulfil the different needs and wants they have (Goldstein, 1998). One of the most common needs of audience is the urge to escape reality. The mass media industry is able to give these sensatio n through wide array of films or games exhibiting characteristic of tragedy and violence for the audience to cleanse their negative feelings (Campbell and Morgan, 2009). Catharsis is then deemed to be beneficial to both the individual and society. People viewing violence-oriented television programs, films or video games experiences emotional release from negative feelings such as fear and anger. The thrill and excitement delivered by these media text meets the adventurous needs of the audience without actually placing them in any real risk (Edgar, 1977). This theory then suggest that children who are exposed to violence on the media are unlikely to end up practising it, since they are purged of their aggressive drive and negative feeling. All of the theoretical approaches discussed have only allocated power to either the audience or the media. One of the pioneer works to break away from this over emphasis of unilateral power was established by Stuart Hall’s through his encoding/decoding theory developed in the 1980’s. Hall (1980) argues that media producer ‘encode’ specific meanings in media text, which is distributed to audiences who will then decode and reproduce these meanings through their own understanding (Hall, 1980 pp 128). Hall does not just chart a middle ground between audience and the media but also introduces media producers into the equation and their roles in this relationship. Hall suggest that producers of the media message would usually encodes their agendas and assumption in the media text which will then shapes the ‘preferred meanings’ of the text. Such meanings would then limit and guide audience interpretations. Similarly to the Reception theory, Hallâ€⠄¢s Encoding Decoding theory suggest that specific factors outside the media text such as gender, education and ethnicity do play a role in influencing audience’s interpretations. One of the reasons why encoding and decoding model is significant in media studies is because it balances the relationship between the media and the audience, returning some power to the media while at the same time maintaining audience as active participants. This approach acknowledges both audience and the media as sites of meaning making. Hall then further develops the audience decoding method as affected to four different levels of responsiveness. Firstly, dominant meaning the audience recognise and agree with the preferred meaning offered by media text. Secondly, oppositional meaning that the audience disagree with the preferred meaning because it contradicts to their own set of beliefs and attitudes. Thirdly, Negotiated, is when audience opposes or adapts to the preferred meaning. Finally, ab errant meaning the audience gives meanings deviant to the preferred meaning. This theory then suggest that producers of media text may encode their preferred meaning inside the text, but it is up to the audience to decode the messages from their very own perspective. By analysing these various media effect theories presented in this essay and how they have evolved. It has become clear that the way media affect us involve a particularly complex process. Nowadays the media does not directly influence us it is clear that the way the media affec These different media effect theories that are presented in this essay attempt to explain and justify the manner in which the mass media influences society are all practical in their own References: Campbell, S., Ling, R. (2009). Effects of mobile communication. In B. Jennings M. B. Oliver. (Eds.). Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 592-606). New York: Routledge, New York. : As one of the recommend readings for media effects, it draws the reality of modern society apparently and describes the way media has an influence on the modern society and human life by providing the difference between modern and past world. The more media is developed, the more convenience people are. Whilst, the more opportunities people get to share or communicate with the others, the more problems such as privacy issues or mobile violence are occurred. So this gives both sides of idea with some examples. Cline, V. B., Croft, R. G., Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence.Journal of personality and social psychology,27(3), 360 : This Journal draws the present environment of children who are now surrounded by mobile technologies such as television, computer and Smartphone. Also this tells the reader that children are now exposed from violence contents. Even though most of the media such as film, news usually deals with dramatic violence; it is able to have influence on children to follow the contents recklessly. Furthermore, it proves these conditions by measuring the physical and psychological change of children and links the results with the media violence. The text criticized contemporary society that is desensitized from the conditions. Edgar, P. (1977). Children and screen violence. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. : In this text Edgar defines what violence is and interprets the norm of violence in the area of media technologies by providing several examples. Also, it contains the theoretical research of mass media and its violence. This more focuses on the mass media violence on children and adolescence and discusses whether it is one of the most considerable issues or not in contemporary society. Goldstein, J. (Ed.). (1998). Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment. New York: Oxford University Press. : This text provides some reasons why people are attracted to violent entertainment in social and mass media such as films, video games, sports programs and news. Goldstein insists that the audiences may have all different reasons why they are attracted by violent media contents. For instance, some are attracted by violent content of media due to stress-elimination and some are exposed by those just for self-satisfaction in fictional places. Moreover, this points out the reason why media violence is considerable issues in modern world from different points of views and how it affects the number of people predominantly. Katz, E. Lazarsfeld, P.F. (1955) Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communications, The Free Press, New York. : In this text, Katz and Lazarsfeld analyse how mass communications and mass media affects on people and the way they will be changed. As the form of case study, the text gives fairly detail examples in real world. It also emphasises and deals with the role of the people in contemporary society such as sharing the common belief, communication or sending messages among people. Similarly, they states that messages transmitted through mass media go directly into the minds of those who receive or view the content and describes that those then leads the audiences to believe the stories conveyed and act in a uniform manner as suggested by the information they now have. Poynting, S., Morgan, G. (2009). Introduction. In S. Poynting G. Morgan (Eds.), Outrageous!: Moral panics in Australia (pp. 1-10). Hobart: Australian Clearinghouse for Youth Studies. : The text is one of the required readings for understanding the media affect. As form of case study, this provides the detailed examples and helps readers to understand the concept of moral panic in Australia clearly. Also, this text points out the connection between the impact of modern social technologies, media and past Australian society. Seymour Feshbach (Catharsis theory

Dramatic Effect in An Inspector Calls Essay -- J.B. Priestley

Inspector Goole’s plays a various amount of roles throughout the novel such as being a socialist as in others words is looking for them, a fraud as we discover he isn’t an inspector, a ghost as we discover he isn’t real and in some ways brings a sort of split in the Birling family as everyone has lost trust in one another. The following paragraph that is going to be established involves a comparison of an actual inspector contrasting with inspector Goole. This is an essential point as it helps us analyse on, how this inspector manages to make the Birling family confess about the knowing of the women who had committed suicide, Eva smith. However, if it was an ordinary inspector it could have been a different story. In other words, priestly does this to show a comparison of a fraud of an inspector in the 19th century and one who’s in the 21st century, where there is more crime and corruption. Goole is different towards an original inspector firstly; because he is more social towards them i.e. isn’t strict and has a calm approach towards him. As well as being social, he still can’t prevent arguments which commence between certain members of the families. He also isn’t very strict and is quite persuasive as well as changing the situations of characters significantly. An example of when this commences is when the inspector manages to convince Sheila that Eva smiths death wasn’t entirely her fault. We discover that she is convinced as she agrees with his opinion. â€Å"Yes. That’s true.† This shows that she has been convinced about the statement of the inspector however, as soon as she states her opinion, she becomes suspicious of the inspector as she stares towards him very closely due to the fact on what he stated, this then leads the... ... actually is. Another reason which suggests realism is the fact on how classes were treated. In The Victorian era, when Queen Victoria reined Britain, the three classes (upper, middle and working) were established through this time period. This is why Eva Smith had a difficult life as she didn’t have rights and was helpless as was working class. The audience later on know how helpless she was as she was used by Gerald and Eric for prostitution. In conclusion I would state that from my previous points that the Inspector may not have been as strict as an ordinary one however, did manage to reveal the truth by establishing tension through out the interrogation which was shown by the way priestly had used dramatic effects and figurative language. He also managed to change the attributes of the characters during the interrogation as well as a captivating cliff-hanger.

Women in Ancient Civilizations Essays -- essays research papers

The role of women in different civilizations, even though on different spectrums of the world, had many similarities and only a few differences. Women in these four civilizations: Greece, Egypt, China, and India faced many of the same hardships, struggles, and prejudices. Some of this treatment of women didn’t even end until present day (1920’s). In some of these civilizations women were able to rise up somewhat in their communities but it didn’t come without some kind of interference. When it came to the rights of these women, they really didn’t have any at all. In Greece women were considered to be second class citizens at best. All women were forbidden to own property, inherit their own name, vote, or attend political debate. Men viewed them as nothing of real importance. To them they were irrational, fearful, and only to be used for their physical desires. They were considered to be the ward of a man (Sacks 263). Women in Egypt were treated fairly well compared to the others. They shared the same legal and economic rights as men they were capable of owning land, slaves, and could acquire possessions for themselves in many ways. Elite women did have more rights and opportunities than the nonelite but they were both very fortunate. Regardless of class though, all women had only a few main concerns and expectations. They were all expected to get married and raise a family, maintain the management of the household, and bearing and rearing children (Harrison 510). The rights of women in China and India were similar as well. In India the rights of women have barley changed since ancient times. Women in this country are not allowed to own property, show their faces in public, and are the complete property of a man (www.geocities.com/hinduism/hindu_women.html). The women of china were also inferior to men. For around two thousand years they lived under the rules and laws set by Confucius. The Confucius doctrine said that women weren’t equal to men because they were unworthy and incapable of an education. These women were the property of men from birth till death (Andrea and Overfield 82-90). Their rights were not only limited to their families though in some cases there were actual laws passed that limited the rights of women. In ancient times The Code of Hammurabi for example had several laws that restricted women when it had to do with marriage and what a hus... ...ng their own property, they were encouraged to join athletics such as gymnastics, and some rose to be estate managers. They were even capable of participating in religion and could leave the house during holy days. During the Hellenistic age the treatment of women started to lighten up. Many started to realize that they have a greater value including their intelligence (Sacks 264). Chinese women didn’t start to rise up until the 20th century when communism began. Communists believed that women were equal to men; they felt that it would help the population of china to thrive (Dillion 346). The women of Egypt were treated well and did have a say in many of the things that involved them so they didn’t rise up too much more. Unfortunately for the women in India they have never truly risen up. They are still victims of being very subservient to men. In conclusion, women in all of these cultures have faced many hard times. Either from their community, husbands, fathers, or any man they were put down and restricted but though it all many women found a way to rise up through it all. There is still a long way for women of other culture to go but times are changing and anything is possible.